Discover how probability distribution methods can help predict stock market returns and improve investment decisions. Learn ...

The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...

Abstract: Complex random variables arise naturally in many settings and their properties are of general interest. Past work on complex variables has mainly focused on their second-order structure, as ...

Forecasting for any small business involves guesswork. You know your business and its past performance, but you may not be comfortable predicting the future. Using Excel is a great way to perform what ...

What Is A Probability Density Function? A probability density function, also known as a bell curve, is a fundamental statistics concept, that describes the likelihood of a continuous random variable ...

Learn about the Black-Scholes model, how it works, and how its formula helps estimate fair option prices by weighing volatility, time, and market assumptions.

The COS method was introduced in Fang & Oosterlee (2008) and then was applied to pricing a variety of stock options for continuous random variables. This paper adapts the Fourier-cosine series (COS) ...